hypertensive retinopathy

What are the Stages of Hypertensive Retinopathy?

Hypertensive retinopathy is generally classified into four stages:
Stage 1: Mild narrowing of the retinal arteries.
Stage 2: More pronounced narrowing and possible AV (arteriovenous) nicking.
Stage 3: Presence of retinal hemorrhages, hard exudates, and cotton wool spots.
Stage 4: Severe swelling of the optic disc (papilledema) and significant vision impairment.

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