Nurses frequently encounter patients with cardiac conditions such as coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, arrhythmias, and hypertension. CAD involves the narrowing of coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump effectively, leading to fluid buildup and inadequate perfusion. Arrhythmias are irregular heartbeats that can affect cardiac output, while hypertension involves persistently high blood pressure, increasing the risk of heart disease.