1. Autoclaving: Uses pressurized steam at high temperatures to kill all microorganisms. Commonly used for surgical instruments and lab equipment. 2. Dry Heat: Utilizes high temperatures without moisture. Suitable for materials that can withstand high heat without damage. 3. Gas Sterilization: Uses gases like ethylene oxide for items that cannot endure high temperatures, such as plastic syringes. 4. Chemical Sterilization: Involves immersing items in chemical solutions. Used for instruments that cannot be heated.
