What is Hepatitis B (HBV)?
Hepatitis B (HBV) is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. It can become chronic, leading to liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis. HBV is a bloodborne pathogen, and it is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, vaginal secretions, and semen.
Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
Sharing needles or syringes
From mother to baby at birth
Needlestick injuries in healthcare settings
Sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes
What are the Symptoms of HBV?
Many people with HBV may not exhibit symptoms, especially in the acute phase. When symptoms do appear, they can include:
Fatigue
Fever
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Joint pain
Jaundice
How is HBV Diagnosed?
HBV is diagnosed through blood tests that check for the presence of the virus, antibodies, or liver function abnormalities. Common tests include:
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs)
Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)
Liver function tests (LFTs)
Providing
patient education on transmission prevention and lifestyle modifications
Administering
vaccinations to prevent HBV
Monitoring patients for
symptoms and complications
Assisting in the management of
medications and treatments
Providing emotional and psychological support
Ensuring
infection control practices to prevent the spread of HBV in healthcare settings
Antiviral medications, such as
tenofovir and
entecavir Interferon injections
Liver transplantation in severe cases
Receiving the
HBV vaccine, which is highly effective
Practicing
safe sex by using condoms
Avoiding sharing needles or personal items
Using proper
protective equipment in healthcare settings
Screening pregnant women to prevent perinatal transmission
Why is HBV Vaccination Important?
The HBV vaccine is one of the most effective ways to prevent hepatitis B infection. It is typically given in a series of three to four shots over a six-month period. The vaccine is recommended for:
All infants
Unvaccinated children and adolescents
Adults at risk, such as healthcare workers and individuals with multiple sexual partners
Conclusion
Hepatitis B is a significant public health issue that requires comprehensive management and preventive strategies. Nurses are integral to providing education, administering vaccines, and ensuring the effective treatment of patients with HBV, ultimately reducing the burden of this disease.
