What Are Compartments?
In the context of nursing and medical care,
compartments refer to sections of the body that are enclosed by fascia, a type of connective tissue. These compartments contain muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. The most common compartments are located in the limbs. Understanding these compartments is essential for nurses as it aids in the diagnosis and management of conditions such as
compartment syndrome.
What is Compartment Syndrome?
Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that occurs when there is increased pressure within one of the body’s anatomical compartments, leading to insufficient blood supply to the tissues within that space. It can be acute or chronic, with acute compartment syndrome being a surgical emergency.
Trauma: Such as fractures, crush injuries, or severe bruising.
Burns: Extensive burns can lead to swelling and increased pressure.
Tight bandaging: Improperly applied casts or bandages.
Prolonged limb compression: Due to prolonged immobility or unconsciousness.
Intense exercise: Chronic compartment syndrome can occur in athletes due to repetitive activity.
Pain: Severe pain that does not improve with rest or medication and is exacerbated by stretching the involved muscles.
Paresthesia: Tingling or burning sensations in the skin.
Pallor: The skin in the affected area may appear pale.
Paralysis: In severe cases, there may be muscle weakness or loss of function.
Pulselessness: A decrease or absence of pulse in the affected limb.
How is Compartment Syndrome Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves clinical examination and measuring the pressure within the compartment using a device called a
manometer. Normal compartment pressure is between 0 and 8 mmHg; pressures above 30 mmHg are typically considered indicative of compartment syndrome.
What is the Treatment for Compartment Syndrome?
The primary treatment for acute compartment syndrome is a surgical procedure called
fasciotomy, which involves cutting the fascia to relieve pressure. In chronic cases, conservative treatments such as physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and activity modification may be effective.
Assessment: Regularly monitoring the affected limb for changes in pain, sensation, and motor function.
Education: Informing patients and families about symptoms and the importance of early reporting.
Postoperative Care: Monitoring for complications such as infection or delayed healing following a fasciotomy.
Pain Management: Administering prescribed pain relief and assessing its effectiveness.
Conclusion
Understanding the concept of compartments and the implications of compartment syndrome is vital for nurses. Prompt identification, accurate assessment, and timely intervention can significantly improve patient outcomes and prevent serious complications. Continuous education and vigilance are key components in the effective management of this condition.
