Chemical resistance develops through various mechanisms: 1. Genetic Mutations: Spontaneous changes in the genetic material of microorganisms can result in resistance. 2. Horizontal Gene Transfer: Bacteria can acquire resistance genes from other bacteria through processes like conjugation, transformation, or transduction. 3. Selective Pressure: Overuse and misuse of antibiotics and disinfectants create an environment where resistant strains thrive while susceptible ones perish.
