CCBs work by inhibiting the entry of calcium ions into cardiac and smooth muscle cells through L-type calcium channels. This reduction in calcium influx leads to decreased muscle contraction, which in turn lowers blood pressure and reduces myocardial oxygen demand. There are two main types of CCBs: dihydropyridines (e.g., amlodipine, nifedipine) and non-dihydropyridines (e.g., verapamil, diltiazem). Dihydropyridines primarily affect blood vessels, while non-dihydropyridines have a more significant impact on the heart.
