Preoperative medication - Nursing Science

What are Preoperative Medications?

Preoperative medications are drugs administered before surgery to prepare the patient for the procedure. These medications aim to reduce anxiety, manage pain, prevent infection, and minimize complications during and after surgery. The selection of specific medications depends on the patient's medical history, type of surgery, and potential risk factors.

Why are Preoperative Medications Important?

Administering preoperative medications is crucial as they help in:

Reducing preoperative anxiety and inducing sedation.
Decreasing the risk of surgical site infections by using antibiotics.
Minimizing the risk of aspiration by reducing stomach acid secretion.
Preventing nausea and vomiting postoperatively.
Managing pain effectively to reduce the need for high doses of analgesics post-surgery.

Types of Preoperative Medications

Several classes of medications may be used preoperatively, including:

Anxiolytics (e.g., benzodiazepines) to reduce anxiety and induce sedation.
Analgesics (e.g., opioids) to manage pain.
Anticholinergics (e.g., atropine) to reduce secretions and prevent bradycardia.
Antibiotics to prevent surgical site infections.
Antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron) to prevent nausea and vomiting.
H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine) or proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid secretion.

What are the Nursing Responsibilities in Administering Preoperative Medications?

Nurses play a critical role in the administration of preoperative medications. Their responsibilities include:

Verifying the patient's identity using two identifiers before administering medications.
Reviewing the patient's medical history, allergies, and current medications to avoid adverse reactions.
Educating the patient about the purpose and potential side effects of the medications.
Administering medications at the correct time and via the appropriate route as prescribed.
Monitoring the patient for any adverse reactions or side effects.
Documenting the administration of medications accurately in the patient's medical record.

How Do Nurses Manage Patient Education and Consent?

Educating the patient and obtaining informed consent are essential components of preoperative care. Nurses should:

Explain the intended effects and possible side effects of the medications.
Discuss the importance of following preoperative instructions, such as fasting.
Ensure the patient understands and consents to the administration of preoperative medications.
Answer any questions the patient or their family may have.

What are the Common Side Effects and How to Manage Them?

Common side effects of preoperative medications can include drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness, and nausea. Nurses should:

Monitor the patient closely and provide supportive care as needed.
Ensure the patient is safe, especially if they are experiencing dizziness or drowsiness.
Encourage fluid intake if appropriate and manage dry mouth with ice chips or oral care.
Administer antiemetics if the patient experiences nausea and vomiting.

Conclusion

Preoperative medications play a crucial role in preparing patients for surgery by managing anxiety, pain, and preventing complications. Nurses are integral in administering these medications, educating patients, and ensuring their safety and well-being. Proper administration and monitoring can significantly enhance the patient's surgical experience and outcomes.