What is a Peripheral IV?
A peripheral intravenous line (PIV or IV) is a small, flexible tube inserted into a peripheral vein for the purpose of administering medications, fluids, and nutrients directly into the bloodstream. This is a common procedure in various healthcare settings and is usually placed in the hand, arm, or sometimes the foot of the patient.
Why is Peripheral IV Important in Nursing?
Nurses frequently use peripheral IVs because they provide a quick and efficient method to deliver treatment directly into the circulatory system. This is essential for patients who need rapid medication administration, fluid resuscitation, or blood transfusions. It’s also vital for maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance, especially in patients who cannot take oral medications or fluids.
How to Insert a Peripheral IV?
The process of inserting a peripheral IV involves several steps. Firstly, the nurse needs to gather all necessary supplies, including gloves, antiseptic, a tourniquet, an IV catheter, and a saline flush. After identifying a suitable vein, the site is cleaned with an antiseptic. The tourniquet is applied to engorge the vein, and the catheter is inserted at a shallow angle. Once blood return is observed, the catheter is advanced into the vein, and the needle is removed. The IV is then secured with a dressing and connected to the IV tubing.
What are the Risks and Complications?
While peripheral IVs are generally safe, there are potential risks and complications. These include
infection,
phlebitis,
infiltration, and
extravasation. Infection can occur if the insertion site or equipment is not sterile. Phlebitis is the inflammation of the vein, often resulting from irritation or trauma. Infiltration happens when IV fluid leaks into the surrounding tissue, while extravasation is the leakage of vesicant drugs into the tissue, causing more severe damage.
How to Prevent Complications?
To prevent complications, it is crucial to follow
aseptic techniques during insertion and maintenance of the IV. The insertion site should be monitored regularly for signs of infection, swelling, or redness. The IV should be flushed with saline to ensure patency and to prevent clot formation.
Dressing changes should be performed according to hospital protocols, and the IV site should be rotated every 72-96 hours or as clinically indicated.
How to Care for a Peripheral IV?
Peripheral IV care involves regular inspection and maintenance. Nurses should check the IV site for any signs of complications at least once per shift. The IV tubing should be labeled with the date and time of insertion and changed according to institutional policy, generally every 72-96 hours. It’s also important to educate patients about the signs of potential complications and when to alert healthcare providers.
When to Remove a Peripheral IV?
A peripheral IV should be removed when it is no longer needed, if it becomes non-functional, or if there are signs of complications such as infection or phlebitis. The removal process involves stopping the IV infusion, removing the dressing, and carefully withdrawing the catheter. The site is then covered with a sterile gauze or bandage to stop any bleeding.
Conclusion
Peripheral IVs are a fundamental part of nursing care, providing a vital route for medication and fluid administration. Proper insertion, maintenance, and monitoring are essential to minimize risks and ensure patient safety. By adhering to best practices and protocols, nurses can effectively manage peripheral IVs and provide high-quality care to their patients.
