What is an Oropharyngeal Airway?
An
oropharyngeal airway (OPA) is a medical device used to maintain or open a patient’s airway. It prevents the tongue from covering the epiglottis, which could obstruct the airway and impede breathing. This device is commonly used in emergency situations, as well as in anesthesia to ensure a clear airway.
Indications for Use
OPAs are generally indicated for patients who are unconscious or have a decreased level of consciousness. This is because the device might stimulate the gag reflex in conscious patients, leading to potential complications such as vomiting or aspiration.
Common indications include:
Unresponsive patients without a gag reflex
Patients undergoing anesthesia
Emergency situations requiring airway management
Contraindications
While OPAs are highly useful, they are not suitable for every patient.
Contraindications include:
Conscious patients or those with an intact gag reflex
Patients with facial trauma or fractures
Obstructions in the oropharynx, such as tumors or foreign bodies
How to Insert an Oropharyngeal Airway
The correct insertion of an OPA is crucial for its effectiveness and to avoid complications. The steps involved are as follows: Measure the airway to ensure the correct size. The distance from the corner of the mouth to the earlobe is typically used as a guide.
Open the patient's mouth using a cross-finger technique or jaw thrust maneuver.
Insert the airway with the curved end facing the roof of the mouth.
Once the airway reaches the back of the throat, rotate it 180 degrees so the curve matches the natural curvature of the tongue and throat.
Ensure the flange rests against the patient's lips.
Complications and Management
Although OPAs are generally safe, they can have complications if not used correctly.
Potential issues include:
Gagging or vomiting, which can lead to aspiration
Airway trauma or bleeding
Improper size or placement leading to ineffective airway management
To manage these complications, it's essential to monitor the patient closely and be prepared to remove the airway and provide alternative airway management techniques if necessary.
Nursing Considerations
Nurses play a critical role in the management and monitoring of patients with an OPA. Key
nursing considerations include:
Regularly assessing the patient's airway and breathing
Monitoring for signs of gagging, vomiting, or airway obstruction
Ensuring the OPA is correctly sized and positioned
Providing oral care to prevent complications such as infections
Educating other healthcare providers and caregivers on the correct use and potential complications of OPAs
Conclusion
Oropharyngeal airways are essential tools in managing and maintaining a patient's airway, particularly in emergency and anesthesia settings. Understanding the indications, contraindications, insertion techniques, and potential complications is crucial for
nurses to effectively utilize this device and ensure optimal patient care.
