Poor control of blood sugar levels
High blood pressure
Smoking
High cholesterol levels
Family history of kidney disease
Duration of diabetes
What are the Signs and Symptoms?
In the early stages, diabetic nephropathy may not show any symptoms. As the disease progresses, signs and symptoms may include:
Proteinuria (protein in the urine)
Swelling (edema) in the legs, ankles, feet, and hands
Hypertension
Fatigue
Frequent urination
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Urine tests to check for protein
Blood tests to measure creatinine and urea levels
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to evaluate kidney function
Kidney biopsy in some cases
Educating patients about the importance of blood sugar control
Monitoring and managing blood pressure
Encouraging a
healthy diet low in sodium and protein
Promoting regular
physical activity Assisting patients in smoking cessation
Regular monitoring of kidney function
Administering prescribed medications, such as
ACE inhibitors or ARBs
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Cardiovascular diseases
Anemia
Electrolyte imbalances
Fluid retention
Teaching patients about the importance of
glycemic control Explaining the significance of regular
kidney function testing Encouraging adherence to medication regimens
Providing resources for dietary and lifestyle modifications
Offering emotional support and counseling
Primary care providers
Endocrinologists
Nephrologists
Dietitians
Pharmacists
Social workers
Nurses serve as a critical link between patients and the multidisciplinary team, coordinating care and ensuring that management plans are followed.
