Suprapubic aspiration (SPA) is a medical procedure used to obtain a urine sample directly from the bladder. This technique is particularly useful in specific clinical scenarios, and understanding its application and implications is crucial for nursing professionals. Below are some key questions and answers about suprapubic aspiration in the context of nursing.
What is Suprapubic Aspiration?
Suprapubic aspiration is a procedure where a needle is inserted through the lower abdominal wall into the bladder to collect urine. It is most often used when a clean-catch urine sample cannot be obtained or when a
urinary tract infection (UTI) is suspected in a patient who is unable to provide a sample, such as in infants or individuals with neurological disorders.
Why is Suprapubic Aspiration Used?
The primary reason for using SPA is to obtain an uncontaminated urine sample, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. It is often used in pediatric patients, particularly infants, because they cannot provide a midstream urine sample. Additionally, it is utilized in patients with urinary retention or those unable to void due to
medical conditions.
Inability to collect a clean-catch urine sample.
To diagnose UTIs in infants and young children.
When catheterization is inappropriate or unsuccessful.
In patients with neurogenic bladder disorders.
To obtain a sterile urine sample for culture.
Presence of abdominal distension or
abdominal wall infections.
Uncorrectable bleeding disorders.
Previous lower abdominal surgery that may alter anatomy.
Fullness of the bladder must be ensured before the procedure.
Educating the patient or caregivers about the procedure and its purpose.
Ensuring informed consent is obtained.
Assisting in positioning the patient and maintaining a sterile field.
Monitoring the patient for any signs of distress or complications.
Documenting the procedure and any observations in the patient’s medical records.
Hematuria (blood in urine).
Infection at the puncture site.
Bladder perforation.
Injury to surrounding organs.
Nurses should be vigilant in monitoring for these complications and be prepared to take appropriate action if they occur.
Explain the procedure to the patient or caregivers to alleviate anxiety.
Ensure the patient has a full bladder, which may require encouraging fluid intake.
Position the patient supine with the lower abdomen exposed.
Assist the healthcare provider in maintaining a sterile environment.
Obtaining a sterile urine sample directly from the bladder.
Minimal risk of contamination compared to other methods.
Can be performed quickly and provides rapid results for diagnosing UTIs.
In conclusion, suprapubic aspiration is a valuable procedure in the nursing field, offering a reliable method for obtaining uncontaminated urine samples. Nurses must be knowledgeable about the indications, preparations, and potential complications associated with SPA to provide optimal patient care and support physicians in performing this procedure.
