What is Phototherapy?
Phototherapy, also known as light therapy, involves the use of light to treat certain medical conditions. In the context of nursing, phototherapy is primarily used to treat neonatal jaundice, a common condition in newborns where there is a high level of bilirubin in the blood. It can also be used to treat skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and certain mood disorders such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
How Does Phototherapy Work?
Phototherapy works by exposing the skin to specific wavelengths of light. In the treatment of neonatal jaundice, blue light is most commonly used. The light helps to break down bilirubin in the baby’s skin, converting it into substances that can be more easily excreted through urine and stool. For skin conditions like psoriasis, ultraviolet (UV) light is used to slow the growth of affected skin cells.
Indications for Phototherapy
Phototherapy is indicated for several conditions: Neonatal jaundice
Psoriasis
Atopic dermatitis
Vitiligo
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Preparation and Administration
Before administering phototherapy, it is essential to conduct a thorough assessment of the patient. For neonatal jaundice, a blood test to measure bilirubin levels is crucial. The infant should be undressed except for a diaper and protective eye covers to shield the eyes from the intense light. For skin conditions, patients should be informed about the procedure, the importance of eye protection, and the need to avoid certain medications that may increase sensitivity to light.Monitoring and Safety
Nurses play a critical role in monitoring patients undergoing phototherapy. For neonates, regular checks of bilirubin levels, hydration status, and skin integrity are essential. It is also necessary to reposition the baby frequently to ensure even exposure to the light and prevent overheating. For adults undergoing UV light therapy, skin should be monitored for signs of burns, and patients should be educated on the importance of using sunscreen post-treatment.Risks and Side Effects
While phototherapy is generally safe, there are potential risks and side effects: Skin irritation or burns
Dehydration in neonates
Eye damage if proper protection is not used
Increased risk of skin cancer with long-term UV exposure
It is vital for healthcare providers to educate patients and their families about these risks and take appropriate measures to mitigate them.
Contraindications
Phototherapy may not be suitable for everyone. Contraindications include: Photosensitivity disorders
Certain medications that increase light sensitivity
Severe liver conditions in neonates
History of skin cancer
Patient Education and Follow-Up
Education is a crucial part of the nursing role in phototherapy. Patients and families should be informed about the purpose of the therapy, the procedure, and the importance of follow-up care. For neonatal jaundice, parents should be taught to monitor their baby’s skin color and hydration status. For skin conditions, patients should be advised on the importance of attending all scheduled treatments and protecting their skin from excessive sun exposure.Conclusion
Phototherapy is a valuable treatment modality in nursing, offering effective management for various conditions. However, it requires careful assessment, monitoring, and education to ensure safety and efficacy. By understanding the principles, indications, and precautions associated with phototherapy, nurses can provide high-quality care and improve patient outcomes.
