What is Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)?
Oxygen saturation (SpO2) refers to the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. It is a critical parameter in assessing a patient's respiratory function and overall health. The measurement is typically done using a
pulse oximeter, a non-invasive device that provides a quick and accurate reading.
Why is SpO2 Important in Nursing?
Nurses use SpO2 readings to monitor a patient's oxygenation status continuously. Maintaining adequate oxygen levels is essential for cellular function and survival. Low SpO2 levels can indicate respiratory distress or failure, prompting immediate medical interventions such as oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation.
Normal SpO2 Levels
In healthy individuals, normal SpO2 levels range between 95% and 100%. Levels below 90% are considered low and may indicate
hypoxemia, requiring prompt evaluation and intervention. Chronic conditions like
COPD may have different normal ranges, often between 88% and 92%.
How to Measure SpO2
To measure SpO2, a pulse oximeter is placed on a thin part of the patient's body, usually a fingertip or earlobe. The device emits light wavelengths that pass through the skin and are absorbed differently by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. The device calculates the ratio and displays the SpO2 percentage on the screen.Factors Affecting SpO2 Readings
Several factors can affect the accuracy of SpO2 readings, including: Poor circulation - Can result in inaccurate readings.
Nail polish or artificial nails - Can interfere with the sensor's ability to detect oxygen levels.
Movement - Excessive movement can cause the device to give inconsistent readings.
Skin pigmentation - Darker skin tones may sometimes affect the accuracy of the pulse oximeter.
Interventions for Low SpO2 Levels
If a patient's SpO2 levels fall below the normal range, nurses may take several steps to improve oxygenation: Administering supplemental oxygen through a nasal cannula, mask, or other devices.
Adjusting the patient's position to facilitate better lung expansion.
Encouraging deep breathing exercises or using incentive spirometry.
Monitoring for underlying conditions like
pneumonia or pulmonary embolism that may require specific treatments.
Documentation and Reporting
Accurate documentation of SpO2 readings is essential in nursing practice. Nurses should record the SpO2 level, the type of device used, the amount of supplemental oxygen administered (if any), and any interventions performed. Reporting significant changes to the healthcare team is crucial for timely medical intervention.Patient Education
Nurses play a vital role in educating patients and their families about the importance of maintaining healthy oxygen levels. Patients with chronic respiratory conditions should be taught how to use home pulse oximeters and recognize signs of low oxygen levels, prompting them to seek medical attention when necessary.
