What is Influenza?
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It affects the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. Flu symptoms can range from mild to severe and can lead to serious complications, especially in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, young children, and people with chronic health conditions.
How is Influenza Transmitted?
The influenza virus is primarily spread through
respiratory droplets that are emitted when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or be inhaled into the lungs. It can also spread by touching surfaces or objects that have the virus on them and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.
Fever or feeling feverish/chills
Cough
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Muscle or body aches
Headaches
Fatigue (tiredness)
Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults.
How is Influenza Diagnosed?
Diagnosis of influenza is often based on the clinical presentation of symptoms. However,
laboratory tests can confirm the diagnosis. These may include rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) or more sophisticated tests like reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which are more accurate.
What are the Treatment Options?
Treatment for influenza generally involves supportive care to relieve symptoms. This includes rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to reduce fever and alleviate pain. Antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza), can be prescribed, especially for those at high risk of complications. These are most effective when taken within 48 hours of symptom onset.
Encouraging annual
influenza vaccination for patients and healthcare providers.
Promoting good hand hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitizers.
Advising patients to cover their nose and mouth with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing.
Isolating infected individuals to minimize contact with healthy individuals.
Using personal protective equipment (PPE) like masks and gloves when dealing with infected patients.
Pneumonia Bronchitis
Sinus and ear infections
Exacerbation of chronic medical conditions, such as asthma or heart disease
In extreme cases, it can lead to hospitalization and even death.
Role of Nursing in Influenza Management
Nurses are integral to the management and care of patients with influenza. Their roles include: Conducting patient assessments to identify flu symptoms and risk factors.
Administering vaccinations and educating patients about the importance of immunization.
Providing patient education on symptom management and preventive measures.
Monitoring patients for complications and coordinating care with other healthcare providers.
Offering emotional support and reassurance to patients and their families.
Conclusion
Influenza remains a significant public health concern due to its potential for widespread transmission and serious health complications. Nurses play a pivotal role in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of influenza. Through patient education, vaccination efforts, and effective clinical care, nurses help to mitigate the impact of this contagious virus on individuals and communities.
