What is Phlebotomy?
Phlebotomy is the process of drawing blood from a patient for various diagnostic, therapeutic, or monitoring purposes. This procedure is commonly performed by nurses, phlebotomists, and other healthcare professionals. It is a crucial skill in the medical field, as blood samples are essential for numerous clinical tests.
Why is Blood Sampling Important?
Blood sampling is important for diagnosing medical conditions, monitoring existing health issues, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments. Common tests performed on blood samples include Complete Blood Count (CBC), blood glucose levels, and cholesterol levels.
Preparation Before Drawing Blood
Proper preparation is essential for accurate results and patient safety. The steps include: Verifying the patient's identity using at least two identifiers (e.g., name and date of birth).
Explaining the procedure to the patient to alleviate anxiety.
Reviewing the patient's medical history for any conditions that might complicate the procedure (e.g., clotting disorders).
Ensuring all necessary equipment is available and sterile.
Procedure for Drawing Blood
The steps for drawing blood are as follows: Wash hands and wear gloves to maintain
infection control.
Apply a tourniquet above the site to make veins more prominent.
Select an appropriate vein, usually in the antecubital fossa.
Clean the site with an antiseptic solution and allow it to dry.
Insert the needle at a 15-30 degree angle with the bevel facing up.
Once blood flow is established, collect the required amount in the appropriate tubes.
Remove the tourniquet before withdrawing the needle.
Apply pressure to the site with gauze to stop any bleeding.
Label the blood samples immediately with the patient's information.
Complications and Troubleshooting
Complications can arise during blood sampling, and it is important to be prepared to manage them: Hematoma: If a hematoma forms, apply pressure and ice to the site.
Syncope: If the patient feels faint, stop the procedure, lay them down, and elevate their legs.
Difficult Vein Access: Use a smaller needle or an alternative site if veins are difficult to locate.
Post-Procedure Care
After drawing blood, provide aftercare instructions to the patient: Instruct the patient to keep the bandage on for at least 15 minutes.
Advise them to avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activity with the arm used for the draw.
Inform them about signs of infection or complications to watch for, such as persistent pain or swelling.
Legal and Ethical Considerations
Nurses must adhere to legal and ethical standards during blood sampling: Obtain informed consent from the patient before the procedure.
Maintain patient confidentiality and privacy throughout the process.
Accurately label and handle samples to ensure patient safety and test validity.
Conclusion
Drawing blood samples is a fundamental skill in nursing that requires knowledge, precision, and attention to detail. By following the correct procedures and being prepared for potential complications, nurses can ensure safe and effective blood sampling for accurate diagnostic results.
