What is a Cerebrovascular Accident?
A cerebrovascular accident (CVA), commonly known as a
stroke, occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes, making it a medical emergency requiring prompt treatment to minimize brain damage and potential complications.
Types of CVA
There are primarily two types of strokes: Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs due to a blockage in a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain.
Hemorrhagic stroke: This occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, leading to bleeding in or around the brain.
Risk Factors
Certain factors increase the risk of experiencing a CVA, including: Hypertension Diabetes High cholesterol
Smoking
Obesity
Family history of stroke
Age and gender (older adults and males are at higher risk)
Signs and Symptoms
Recognizing the symptoms of a stroke is crucial for timely intervention. Common signs include: Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body
Confusion, difficulty speaking, or understanding speech
Trouble seeing in one or both eyes
Dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
Severe headache with no known cause
The acronym
FAST can help remember the warning signs: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency services.
Immediate Nursing Interventions
Quick action is critical when a stroke is suspected. Nursing interventions include: Ensuring airway patency, breathing, and circulation (ABCs)
Monitoring vital signs
Administering oxygen if needed
Establishing IV access
Preparing for possible administration of
thrombolytic therapy if ischemic stroke is confirmed
Performing neurological assessments using tools like the
Glasgow Coma Scale
Long-term Nursing Care
Post-acute care focuses on rehabilitation and preventing complications. Key aspects include: Assisting with physical, occupational, and speech therapy
Monitoring for signs of complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pneumonia
Educating patients and families about lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors
Encouraging adherence to medication regimens
Providing emotional support and counseling as needed
Patient and Family Education
Education is a pivotal part of nursing care for stroke patients. It includes: Informing about
modifiable risk factors such as diet, exercise, and smoking cessation
Teaching the importance of medication adherence
Explaining the signs and symptoms of a stroke and the need for immediate action
Providing resources for support groups and rehabilitation programs
Conclusion
The role of the nurse in managing and caring for patients with a cerebrovascular accident is multifaceted, involving acute care, long-term rehabilitation, and patient education. By understanding the types, risk factors, and signs of a stroke, as well as the necessary interventions and preventive measures, nurses can significantly impact the outcomes and quality of life for stroke patients.
