What is a Bag Valve Mask (BVM)?
A
Bag Valve Mask (BVM), also known as an Ambu bag, is a handheld device used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately. It consists of a self-inflating bag, a one-way valve, and a face mask. The BVM is an essential tool in emergency medical settings, including hospitals, ambulances, and out-of-hospital settings.
When is a BVM Used?
A BVM is used in various clinical scenarios, such as during
cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, or when a patient is under sedation and unable to maintain adequate ventilation. It is also employed when mechanical ventilators are not available or during patient transport.
Ensure the airway is open using techniques like the
head-tilt-chin-lift or
jaw-thrust maneuver.
Properly position the mask to create a tight seal over the patient's nose and mouth.
Squeeze the bag at a regular rate (usually 10-12 breaths per minute for adults) to deliver air to the lungs.
Monitor the patient's chest rise to ensure adequate ventilation.
Achieving and maintaining a proper mask seal, especially in patients with facial hair or deformities.
Delivering the correct volume and rate of ventilation.
Preventing gastric inflation, which can lead to
aspiration and further complications.
Fatigue during prolonged manual ventilation.
Regular training and practice to maintain proficiency.
Understanding the patient's underlying condition and adjusting ventilation techniques accordingly.
Collaborating with the healthcare team to ensure continuous patient monitoring and timely interventions.
Being aware of the potential complications and how to mitigate them.
Gastric
inflation leading to vomiting and aspiration.
Barotrauma due to excessive pressure, causing lung injury.
Hypoventilation or hyperventilation, leading to inadequate or excessive oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Perform regular equipment checks and maintenance.
Use adjuncts like oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airways to improve airway patency.
Employ capnography and pulse oximetry to monitor ventilation and oxygenation status.
Adopt a team approach during resuscitation efforts to optimize patient care.
Conclusion
The BVM is a vital tool in emergency care settings, and its effective use can be lifesaving. Nurses must be well-trained and proficient in its application, understand the potential complications, and work collaboratively with the healthcare team to ensure optimal patient outcomes. Continuous education and practice are key to maintaining the skills necessary for effective BVM use.
